🔬 Evidence-Based Medicine – True Stories From The Health Forum NZ

Vaccines Save Lives: The Science is Clear

Decades of rigorous research, millions of lives protected, and overwhelming scientific consensus.
Explore the comprehensive evidence that demonstrates vaccine safety and effectiveness across all age groups.

57
Major Studies

150M+
Participants

100%
Peer-Reviewed

Trusted by health authorities worldwide • WHO • CDC • NIH • Peer-reviewed journals

💉
154
Million Lives Saved Annually
WHO estimate from vaccination programs

🏥
99
Percent Reduction
In diseases like polio and measles

👶
5
Lives Saved Per Minute
Through childhood immunization

🌍
195
Countries
With national immunization programs

Understanding Vaccine Science

Watch how vaccines train your immune system to protect you from serious diseases

How Vaccines Work

mRNA Vaccine Technology

Vaccine Development Process

Herd Immunity Explained

Comprehensive Safety Monitoring

Vaccines undergo the most rigorous testing of any medical product before approval, and safety monitoring continues throughout their use.

🔬

Pre-Approval Testing

Every vaccine undergoes extensive clinical trials involving thousands of participants across multiple phases before receiving regulatory approval.

  • Phase 1: Safety testing (20-100 volunteers)
  • Phase 2: Efficacy signals (hundreds)
  • Phase 3: Large-scale trials (thousands to tens of thousands)
📊

Post-Market Surveillance

Continuous monitoring systems track vaccine safety across millions of doses administered worldwide.

  • VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System)
  • Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD)
  • Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment
🏛️

Independent Review

Multiple independent bodies review all vaccine data before and after approval.

  • FDA’s Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee
  • CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
  • International regulatory agencies worldwide

The Evidence: 55 Landmark Studies

Each study below has been published in prestigious peer-reviewed journals and demonstrates vaccine safety and effectiveness. Click any card to read the full research.





COVID-19 • France • 2025

4-Year Mortality Study: No Long-Term Harm from mRNA Vaccines

📊 28.7 million adults
🇫🇷 France nationwide

Key Finding: No increase in long-term all-cause mortality among vaccinated individuals. In fact,
vaccinated people showed lower all-cause mortality compared to unvaccinated, with strong protection against COVID-19 death.

Nationwide Cohort Study
JAMA Network Open


Read Full Study →

Childhood Vaccines • Denmark • 2025

Aluminum in Vaccines: No Link to Chronic Disease in 1.2 Million Children

👶 1,224,176 children
🇩🇰 Denmark nationwide

Key Finding: No evidence of increased risk for 50 chronic health outcomes including autoimmune diseases,
allergies, autism, or ADHD associated with higher aluminum exposure from childhood vaccines.

Nationwide Cohort
Annals of Internal Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Pfizer • 2020

Pfizer mRNA Vaccine: 95% Effective Against COVID-19

📊 43,548 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: High efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 with similar rates of serious adverse events
between vaccine and placebo groups. Expected mild-to-moderate side effects that resolve quickly.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Moderna • 2021

Moderna mRNA Vaccine: Proven Efficacy and Safety

📊 30,420 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: High efficacy with acceptable safety profile and expected reactogenicity.
The trial demonstrated strong protection against symptomatic COVID-19.

Randomized Controlled Trial
American College of Physicians


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Real-World • 2021

Israel Study: Vaccine Effectiveness in Real World

📊 ~1.2 million people
🇮🇱 Nationwide rollout

Key Finding: Strong real-world protection against infection, hospitalization, and severe disease.
Confirmed clinical trial results translate to population-level benefits.

Matched Cohort Study
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

HPV • Sweden • 2020

HPV Vaccine Dramatically Reduces Cervical Cancer

📊 1,672,983 women
🇸🇪 Sweden nationwide

Key Finding: Strong reduction in invasive cervical cancer, with greatest protection when vaccinated
at younger ages. Demonstrates real-world cancer prevention.

Nationwide Cohort
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

MMR • Denmark • 2019

MMR Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism: 657,461 Children Studied

👶 657,461 children
🇩🇰 Denmark nationwide

Key Finding: No increased autism risk from MMR vaccine. No evidence of susceptible subgroups.
Definitively refutes the discredited autism link.

Nationwide Cohort
PubMed/Annals


Read Full Study →

MMR • USA • 2015

MMR Safe Even in High-Risk Siblings

👶 95,727 children
🇺🇸 USA cohort

Key Finding: No increased autism risk even in children with ASD-affected siblings.
Addresses concerns about “susceptible” populations.

Retrospective Cohort
JAMA


Read Full Study →

Pneumococcal • Global • 2015

Pneumococcal Vaccine Prevents Pneumonia in Adults

📊 84,496 adults
🔬 Randomized trial

Key Finding: Reduced vaccine-type pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia and invasive disease
in adults, demonstrating effectiveness beyond childhood.

Randomized Controlled Trial
JAMA Network


Read Full Study →

Rotavirus • Global • 2006

Rotavirus Vaccine: Strong Protection for Infants

👶 70,301 infants
🔬 Large RCT

Key Finding: Strong protection against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis with acceptable safety profile.
Prevents serious diarrheal disease in young children.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Influenza • Pregnancy • 2008

Flu Vaccine in Pregnancy Protects Mom and Baby

🤰 340 pregnant women
🔬 Randomized trial

Key Finding: Protected mothers and reduced influenza illness in infants, demonstrating
maternal immunization benefits extend to newborns.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Shingles • Global • 2015

Shingles Vaccine: 97% Effective in Older Adults

📊 15,411 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Approximately 97% efficacy with acceptable safety. Higher reactogenicity than some vaccines,
but prevents painful and potentially debilitating shingles.

Phase 3 Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

HPV • Global • 2025

One HPV Dose as Effective as Two

📊 20,000+ participants
🔬 Non-inferiority RCT

Key Finding: One dose of HPV vaccine non-inferior to two doses for preventing HPV16/18 infection.
Major implications for vaccine access and coverage.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Hepatitis B • Taiwan • 1997

Hep B Vaccine Eliminates Childhood Liver Cancer

🇹🇼 Taiwan nationwide
📊 Population impact

Key Finding: Marked decline in childhood hepatocellular carcinoma after universal hepatitis B vaccination.
Demonstrates vaccines can prevent cancer.

Population Study
PubMed


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Safety • 2021

Comprehensive Safety Study: 1.7 Million People

📊 884,828 matched pairs
🇮🇱 Israel nationwide

Key Finding: Identified rare risks like myocarditis, but these were significantly lower than risks
from COVID-19 infection itself. Overall supports vaccine safety.

Matched Cohort Safety Study
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Meta-Analysis • Vaccines & Autism • 2014

Comprehensive Analysis: No Link Between Vaccines and Autism

📊 1.2M+ participants pooled
📚 Meta-analysis

Key Finding: Comprehensive meta-analysis of multiple studies shows no association between
vaccines (MMR, thimerosal) and autism. Conclusive evidence.

Systematic Review & Meta-analysis
PubMed


Read Full Study →

HPV • Safety • 2013

HPV Vaccine Safety: 1 Million Girls Studied

📊 997,585 girls
🇸🇪🇩🇰 Denmark/Sweden

Key Finding: No increased risk of autoimmune, neurological, or thromboembolic events.
Large registry study confirms excellent safety profile.

Registry Cohort
BMJ


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Adolescents • 2021

Pfizer Vaccine Safe and Effective for Teens

👦👧 2,260 adolescents 12-15
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Very high efficacy with acceptable safety in adolescents. Important for
protecting younger age groups from COVID-19.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Children • 2022

Pfizer Vaccine for Children 5-11: Safe and Effective

👶 2,268 children 5-11
🔬 Phase 2/3 RCT

Key Finding: Strong immunogenicity and efficacy with acceptable safety profile.
Age-appropriate dosing protects elementary school children.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

RSV • Older Adults • 2023

New RSV Vaccine Protects Older Adults

📊 34,284 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Reduced RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness with acceptable safety.
First effective RSV vaccine for adults.

Phase 3 Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

RSV • Pregnancy • 2023

Maternal RSV Vaccine Protects Newborns

🤰 7,358 pregnant women
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Vaccination during pregnancy reduced severe RSV lower respiratory tract infections
in infants. Maternal immunity protects babies.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

HPV • Efficacy • 2007

HPV Vaccine Prevents Pre-Cancerous Lesions

📊 12,167 women
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Prevented HPV16/18-related high-grade cervical lesions in the per-protocol group.
Early proof of cancer prevention potential.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

HPV • 9-Valent • 2015

9-Valent HPV Vaccine: Broader Protection

📊 14,215 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Broader type coverage (9 HPV types vs 4) with similar safety profile.
Protects against even more cancer-causing HPV strains.

Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed


Read Full Study →

HPV • PATRICIA Trial • 2009

Bivalent HPV Vaccine Highly Effective

📊 18,644 women
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: High efficacy against HPV16/18 persistent infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Large international trial confirms protection.

Randomized Controlled Trial
The Lancet


Read Full Study →

MMR • Denmark • 2002

Landmark MMR-Autism Study: No Association

👶 537,303 children
🇩🇰 Denmark cohort

Key Finding: No association between MMR vaccination and autism. One of the first large
population studies to definitively refute the false link.

Population Cohort
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Thimerosal • Safety • 2007

Thimerosal Does Not Harm Neurological Development

👶 1,047 children
🔬 Cohort study

Key Finding: No consistent evidence of neuropsychological harm from early thimerosal exposure.
Addresses historical preservative concerns.

Cohort Study
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Thimerosal • Autism • 2010

No Autism Risk from Thimerosal Exposure

📊 256 ASD cases, 752 controls
🔬 Case-control study

Key Finding: No increased autism spectrum disorder risk with prenatal or infant thimerosal exposure.
Further evidence against vaccine-autism link.

Case-Control Study
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Pneumococcal • Infants • 2000

PCV7 Prevents Invasive Disease in Infants

👶 ~37,868 infants
🔬 Randomized trial

Key Finding: Prevented invasive pneumococcal disease in infants with excellent efficacy.
Landmark trial for childhood vaccination.

Randomized Controlled Trial
JAMA Network


Read Full Study →

Rotavirus • Rotarix • 2006

Rotarix: Proven Protection Against Severe Gastroenteritis

👶 63,225 infants
🔬 Large RCT

Key Finding: Reduced severe rotavirus gastroenteritis with monitored safety.
Major advancement in preventing infant diarrheal disease.

Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Influenza • Older Adults • 2014

High-Dose Flu Vaccine More Effective in Seniors

📊 31,989 participants
🔬 Randomized trial

Key Finding: Better efficacy in older adults compared to standard-dose vaccine.
Age-targeted formulations improve protection.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Pertussis • Italy • 1996

Acellular Pertussis Vaccine: High Efficacy

👶 ~14,000 children
🇮🇹 Italian trial

Key Finding: High efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccine vs placebo/controls.
Modern pertussis vaccines proven safe and effective.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Varicella • Chickenpox • 1991

Varicella Vaccine Prevents Chickenpox

👶 ~1,300 children
🔬 RCT

Key Finding: Strong protection against clinical varicella with acceptable safety profile.
Prevents a once-common childhood disease.

Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Meningococcal • Africa • 2014

MenAfriVac Eliminates Meningitis Epidemics

🌍 Chad campaign
📊 Large population study

Key Finding: Dramatic reduction in meningococcal A carriage and disease following mass vaccination campaign.
Ended devastating meningitis epidemics.

Population Campaign Study
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • J&J • 2021

Single-Dose Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Effective

📊 39,321 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Protective efficacy against moderate-to-severe COVID-19 with acceptable safety.
Single-dose convenience for mass vaccination.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • AstraZeneca • 2021

AstraZeneca Vaccine: Meaningful Protection

📊 23,848 participants
🔬 Pooled RCT analysis

Key Finding: Meaningful efficacy with acceptable safety profile.
Widely used globally for COVID-19 prevention.

Pooled RCT Analysis
The Lancet


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Novavax • 2021

Novavax Protein Vaccine: High Efficacy

📊 15,187 participants
🇬🇧 UK trial

Key Finding: High efficacy in UK trial with acceptable safety.
Protein-based platform offers another effective COVID-19 vaccine option.

Phase 3 RCT
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Novavax • 2022

Novavax US/Mexico Trial Confirms Efficacy

📊 29,949 participants
🇺🇸🇲🇽 US/Mexico

Key Finding: High efficacy with acceptable safety in large North American trial.
Consistent results across different populations.

Phase 3 RCT
PubMed


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Pfizer 6-Month • 2021

Pfizer Vaccine: Sustained Safety Over 6 Months

📊 44,165 participants
🔬 Extended follow-up

Key Finding: Efficacy maintained with consistent safety profile over 6-month follow-up period.
No new safety concerns emerged over time.

Phase 3 RCT Follow-up
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Adolescents • 2021

Moderna Safe for Adolescents

👦👧 ~3,732 adolescents
🔬 Phase 2/3 RCT

Key Finding: Non-inferior immune response with acceptable safety in adolescents.
Moderna effective across age groups including teens.

Phase 2/3 RCT
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Novavax • 2021

Novavax Effective in South Africa Against Variants

📊 4,387 participants
🇿🇦 South Africa

Key Finding: Protective efficacy demonstrated even in a variant era with acceptable safety.
Shows vaccine effectiveness against evolving strains.

Phase 2b RCT
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

COVID-19 • Booster • 2021-2022

mRNA Booster Doses Restore Protection

📊 Multiple trials
🔬 RCT & Immunogenicity

Key Finding: Booster doses restore waning protection with safety profile consistent
with primary vaccination series. Important for maintaining immunity.

RCT/Immunogenicity
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

HPV • Anogenital Disease • 2007

HPV Vaccine Prevents Genital Warts and Lesions

📊 5,455 women
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Prevented HPV-related genital warts and lesions. Demonstrates broad
protection beyond cervical disease.

Randomized Controlled Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Shingles • Older Adults • 2016

Shingles Vaccine Highly Effective in Seniors 70+

📊 ~13,900 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: High efficacy in adults 70+ years old. Reduced post-herpetic neuralgia,
a painful complication of shingles.

Phase 3 Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

RSV • Older Adults • 2023

GSK RSV Vaccine Protects Older Adults

📊 ~25,000 participants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Reduced RSV lower respiratory tract disease in older adults with
acceptable safety profile. Major advancement for senior health.

Phase 3 Trial
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

RSV • Infants • 2022

Nirsevimab Protects Infants from RSV

👶 1,478 infants
🔬 Phase 3 RCT

Key Finding: Reduced medically attended RSV lower respiratory tract infections with
similar serious adverse events between groups. Monoclonal antibody protection.

Phase 3 Trial
PubMed


Read Full Study →

RSV • Real-World • 2023

Nirsevimab Real-World Effectiveness Confirmed

📊 Large pragmatic trial
🌍 HARMONIE study

Key Finding: Reduced RSV hospitalization and very severe disease in real-world settings.
Confirms trial results translate to practice.

Pragmatic Trial
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Typhoid • Nepal/Bangladesh • RCT

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Highly Protective

📊 10,000-20,000+ participants
🔬 Cluster/Individual RCTs

Key Finding: Substantial protection against culture-confirmed typhoid fever.
Important for endemic regions and global health.

Randomized Controlled Trials
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Hib • Landmark Trials • Global

Hib Vaccine Eliminates Invasive Disease

📊 Large RCTs
🌍 Global impact

Key Finding: Major reduction in invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease
where introduced. Nearly eliminated a leading cause of childhood meningitis.

RCT & Population Impact
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Polio • Historic • 1955

Polio Vaccine: Historic Breakthrough

📊 Very large field trials
🏛️ 1950s landmark

Key Finding: Demonstrated prevention of paralytic polio. Established modern vaccine
trial methods and led to near-eradication of polio globally.

Large Field Trial
Francis Report, 1955


Read Full Study →

Measles • Post-Licensure • Global

Measles Vaccine: High Real-World Effectiveness

📊 Large observational studies
🌍 Global surveillance

Key Finding: High effectiveness demonstrated in real-world settings. Outbreaks
concentrate in undervaccinated groups, confirming vaccine protection.

Observational Studies
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Influenza • Pregnancy Safety • Registry

Flu Vaccine Safe During Pregnancy

🤰 Large registry cohort
📊 Safety surveillance

Key Finding: No increased major adverse birth outcomes from influenza vaccination
during pregnancy. Supports safety for pregnant women.

Registry Cohort
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Pneumococcal • Herd Protection • Post-Licensure

Childhood PCV Protects Adults Too

📊 Very large surveillance
🌍 Population level

Key Finding: Indirect (herd) reductions in adult invasive pneumococcal disease after
childhood PCV introduction. Demonstrates community-wide benefits.

Population Surveillance
New England Journal of Medicine


Read Full Study →

Hepatitis A • Classic Trials • RCT

Hepatitis A Vaccine: High Protection

📊 Large RCT
🔬 Classic trials

Key Finding: High protection against clinical hepatitis A with good safety profile.
Prevents serious liver infection and outbreaks.

Randomized Controlled Trial
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Meningococcal C • UK • Effectiveness

MenC Vaccine Eliminates Disease in UK

📊 Large observational
🇬🇧 UK nationwide

Key Finding: Rapid decline in meningococcal C disease with herd protection.
Demonstrates both direct and indirect vaccine benefits.

Observational Study
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Tdap • Pregnancy • Effectiveness

Maternal Tdap Protects Newborns from Pertussis

🤰 Large observational
👶 Infant protection

Key Finding: Reduced infant pertussis and hospitalization where maternal Tdap used.
Maternal antibodies protect vulnerable newborns.

Observational Study
PubMed


Read Full Study →

Trusted by Leading Health Organizations

Vaccines are recommended by every major medical and public health organization worldwide

Want to Learn More?

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